Unwrapped JTS with Python

While Justin has been hard at work wrapping JTS and GeoTools in clear and simple Python syntax, I’ve been tinkering with some JTS classes that aren’t wrapped in GeoScript Python. Well, not wrapped yet. One of the great things about using Jython (or any scripting language written for the Java platform) is that you can still explore JTS and GeoTools even if some functionality isn’t implemented in GeoScript.

Jared produced a convex hull and minimum bounding circle with GeoScript Groovy in a recent post. I tried to replicate this workflow but quickly realized certain classes and functions weren’t available in GeoScript Python. Did it matter? Not very much in this case. Here’s the convex hull and minimum bounding circle for a shapefile of Washington weather stations produced in a previous post. Pay attention to what’s being imported.

from geoscript.layer import Shapefile
from geoscript.viewer import plot
from com.vividsolutions.jts.geom import GeometryCollection
from com.vividsolutions.jts.geom import GeometryFactory
from com.vividsolutions.jts.geom import PrecisionModel
from com.vividsolutions.jts.algorithm import MinimumBoundingCircle

#Get the point shapefile
staLayer = Shapefile('/home/gregcorradini/wa_stations.shp')

#Create a list of feature geometries
pntGeoms = [f.geom for f in staLayer.features()]

#Create a GeometryCollection from our list of points
geomColl = GeometryCollection(pntGeoms,GeometryFactory(PreciscionModel(),4326))

#Get the geometry collection's convex hull
geomConvexH = geomColl.convexHull()

#Get the geometry collection's minimum bounding circle
mCircle = (MinimumBoundingCircle(geomColl)).getCircle()

# Plot the geometries, BANG
plot(pntGeoms + [geomConvexH] + [mCircle])

I imported GeoScript modules and JTS Java classes in the example above. Jython can interoperate with Java libraries and classes because under the hood it’s Java. But how did I know what parameters a GeometryCollection accepted? I took a peek at the JTS Java doc and followed the bouncing argument ball. The weaving of colorful geometries happens after that thanks to the great plotting functionality from Justin.

There are tricks and trapdoors to this unwrapped exploration - the syntax is not as clean and intuitive as working with GeoScript Python. But a lot of magic still happens. I try to use functions that return geometry objects so I can plot them with the geoscript.viewer.plot function. This way I can see each step visually. Another advantage is that JTS and GeoTools have very well organized Java docs (here and there). It’s hard to fail at finding your way with road maps this good.

For example, mkgeomatics was deciding how to visually represent the output of a least-cost analysis he performed on a Bellingham, WA dataset. Part of the cartographic workflow used Voronoi diagrams that were built in ArcGIS. Both of us wondered if we could leverage GeoScript Python and JTS to solve the Voronoi diagram work. After a little sandbox scripting I came up with the following test code. It outlines how to derive a Voronoi diagram from a Delaunay triangulation (A more succinct way to build Voronoi diagrams would use the com.vividsolutions.jts.triangulate.VoronoiDiagramBuilder class. But Dr JTS produced an informative post on the relationship between both that I wanted to explore).

from geoscript.layer import Shapefile
from geoscript.viewer import plot
from com.vividsolutions.jts.geom import GeometryCollection
from com.vividsolutions.jts.geom import GeometryFactory
from com.vividsolutions.jts.geom import PrecisionModel
from com.vividsolutions.jts.algorithm import MinimumBoundingCircle
from com.vividsolutions.jts.triangulate import DelaunayTriangulationBuilder

#Get a point shapefile
staLayer = Shapefile('/home/gregcorradini/wa_stations.shp')

#Create a list of feature geometries
pntGeoms = [f.geom for f in staLayer.features()]

#Create a GeometryCollection from our list of points
geomColl = GeometryCollection(pntGeoms,GeometryFactory(PreciscionModel(),4326))

#Create a DelaunayTriangulationBuilder object and pass our geometry collection
dtb = DelaunayTriangulationBuilder()
dtb.setSites(geomColl)

#Get the Delaunay triangle faces
triangles = dtb.getTriangles(GeometryFactory(PrecisionModel(),4326))

#Make a pretty triangle picture
plot(pntGeoms + [triangles])

#Get the object's corresponding voronoi polygons in a java array
voronoiArray = dtb.getSubdivision().getVoronoiCellPolygons(GeometryFactory(PrecisionModel(),4326))

#Make a pretty picture
plot(pntGeoms + [i for i in voronoiArray])

That last Voronoi picture is hard to see in detail. So let's save off the Voronoi polygons to a shapefile and give each one the attributes of the original point that falls within it. The function 'changeGeometryType' is from a previous post.

#Create a voronoi geom.Poly schema based on old layer schema
voronoiSchema = changeGeometryType('voronoiWAStations',geom.Polygon,staLayer)

#Create voronoi layer
vLayer = ws.create(schema=voronoiSchema)

#For each voronoi polygon test which point is within it and pass attributes
for poly in voronoiArray:
 for f in staLayer.features():
 
  #Is my point within the polygon?
  if f.geom.within(poly):
   
   #Copy all point feature attributes into a dictionary
   dictFeat = dict(f.iteritems())
   
   #Overwrite the_geom with voronoi polygon
   dictFeat['the_geom'] = poly
   
   #Create a new feature and add it to voronoi layer
   vLayer.add(voronoiSchema.feature(dictFeat))

The zoomed-in shot above shows the original points in pink, Delaunay triangles in gray and Voronoi diagram in green.

Geometry Plotting

I often have found myself looking for a quick and easy way to visualize a geometry object. Maybe I have a handful of geometry objects and I want to visualize some relationship (for example intersection) that exists between them.

Recently added to geoscript python is the ability to create an xy plot from a set of geometry objects. This functionality comes courtesy of the plot function that is located in the viewer module.

from geoscript.viewer import plot
from geoscript import geom

g = geom.LineString((0,0), (10,10))
plot(g)

Nothing all that earth shattering but something can be utilized in a variety of different ways. For instance visualizing an intersection as mentioned above:

g1 = geom.readWKT('POLYGON((-87.1875 49.5703125, -124.453125 -29.8828125, -92.8125 -58.7109375, -43.59375 -69.9609375, -4.21875 -60.1171875, 16.171875 -29.8828125, 16.171875 -5.2734375, 0 27.7734375, -20.390625 48.8671875, -55.546875 53.7890625, -78.046875 54.4921875, -87.1875 49.5703125))')

g2 = geom.readWKT('POLYGON((24.609375 51.6796875, -28.125 24.9609375, -25.3125 -20.7421875, 24.609375 -61.5234375, 74.53125 -51.6796875, 108.984375 -23.5546875, 92.109375 27.0703125, 61.171875 55.1953125, 40.078125 55.1953125, 24.609375 51.6796875))')

plot([g1.intersection(g2), g1,g2])

The plotting functionality makes use of the JFreeChart library, a popular open source Java framework for creating diagrams and charts. Another example of one of the benefits of the marriage of Java and Python that is Jython.

A recent use I made of this new functionality was with regard to geometry simplification. I wanted to quickly visualize a simplified geometry at different distance tolerances. Using everybody's favourite layer as an example:

from geoscript.layer import Shapefile
from geoscript.geom import simplify

shp = Shapefile('tests/work/states.shp')

texas = [f for f in shp.features("STATE_NAME = 'Texas'")][0].geom
plot(texas)

texas_simple = simplify(texas, 0.1)
plot(texas_simple)

texas_simple2 = simplify(texas, 0.5)
plot(texas_simple2)

The simplification routine is the Douglas-Peucker algorithm provided out of the box by JTS.

Saving Weather Stations to a Shapefile with Python

The National Weather Service offers several XML data feeds related to weather conditions. In this tutorial we will use the list of all national observation stations to create a shapefile of Washington stations with Python.

def createXMLfileFromURL(strURL,strOutFilePath):

 #Open url and read
 res = urllib2.urlopen(strURL)
 data = res.read()
 
 #Write data to file
 writer = open(strOutFilePath,'w')
 writer.write(data)
 writer.close()

if __name__=='__main__':

 #Grab the XML feed and write it to a file
 noaaIndexXML = '/home/gregcorradini/XMLfeeds/indexNOAAII.xml'
 createXMLfileFromURL('http://www.weather.gov/xml/current_obs/index.XML',noaaIndexXML)

 #Use ElementTree to walk XML for 'station'
 root= (etree.parse(noaaIndexXML)).getroot()
 listStations = root.findall('station')

 #Findall WA stations in XML document
 waStations = [i for i in listStations if i.findall('state')[0].text == 'WA']

 #Create a dictionary for each station
 dictWa = {}
 for i in waStations:
  #Notice we are using the lat/lng values to create a geom.Point
  dictWa[i.findall('station_id')[0].text] = {'the_geom':geom.Point(float(i.findall('longitude')[0].text),float(i.findall('latitude')[0].text)),'station_id':i.findall('station_id')[0].text,'lat':float(i.findall('latitude')[0].text), 'lng':float(i.findall('longitude')[0].text), 'xml_url': i.findall('xml_url')[0].text}

 #Create a schema for weather stations
 staSchema = schema.Schema('wa_stations_notemp',[('the_geom',geom.Point,Projection('epsg:4326')),('station_id',str),('lat',float),('lng',float),('xml_url',str)])

 #Get a workspace
 ws = Directory('/home/gregcorradini/GeoTools/geoscript_wrk/isolines/data/US_shapefiles/')

 #Create a stations shapefile with our schema
 staLayer = ws.create('wa_stations_notemp',schema=staSchema)

 #Create a feature for each station value
 counter = 1
 for key in dictWa.keys():
  staFeature = staLayer.schema.feature(dictWa[key],str(counter))
  staLayer.add(staFeature)
  counter += counter

Merging Shapefiles with JavaScript

GeoScript aims to provide a framework for scripting common data processing tasks with GeoTools and the Java Topology Suite. Much in the same way that scripting languages like Python can leverage the powerful OGR/GDAL libraries, GeoScript offers similar functionality from languages that run on the JVM (currently Groovy, JavaScript, Python, or Scala).

In a recent post on his blog, Darren Cope wrote about merging a directory of shapefiles, a common data processing task. Here I'll demonstrate how to do the same thing with the JavaScript version of GeoScript.

This example uses the workspace and layer modules. I'm working with a directory containing shapefiles of US Census block groups for each state, merging them into a single shapefile for the country.

// import modules
var workspace = require("geoscript/workspace");
var layer = require("geoscript/layer");

// create workspaces from existing directories
var source = new workspace.Directory("path/to/source_dir");
var target = new workspace.Directory("path/to/target_dir");

// iterate through layers in source workspace
var country;
source.names.forEach(function(name) {
    // create state layer from existing shapefile
    var state = source.get(name);
    // create country layer first time through
    if (!country) {
        country = new layer.Layer({
            schema: state.schema.clone({name: "country"})
        });
        // this creates the new shapefile on disk
        target.add(country);
    }
    // iterate through source features to add each to target 
    state.features.forEach(function(feature) {
        country.add(feature);
    });
});

While it is hard to beat the terseness of the ogr2ogr example, the JavaScript version of GeoScript provides syntax that I hope is familiar to a larger population of scripters.

Calculating Convex Hull and Minimum Bounding Circle with Groovy

The Java Topology Suite, which Groovy GeoScript wraps, contains spatial operators that act on a group of Features or Geometries. In this post, I collect all geometries from a shapefile to calculate the convex hull and minimum bounding circle. This post builds on previous blog entries where I use GeoScript to extract centroids and buffer Features.

Convex Hull

// Import GeoScript modules
import geoscript.layer.*
import geoscript.feature.*
import geoscript.geom.*

// Get the shapefile
Shapefile shp = new Shapefile('states_centroids.shp');

// Create a new Schema
Schema schema = new Schema('states_convex_hull', [['the_geom','Polygon','EPSG:4326']])

// Create our new Layer
Layer layer = shp.workspace.create(schema)

// Collect the Geometries
List geoms = shp.features.collect{f->f.geom}

// Create a GeometryCollection from the List of Geometries
GeometryCollection geomCol = new GeometryCollection(geoms)

// Get the Convex Hull from the GeometryCollection
Geometry convexHullGeom = geomCol.convexHull

// Add the Convex Hull Geometry as a Feature
layer.add(schema.feature([convexHullGeom]))

Minimum Bounding Circle

// Import GeoScript modules
import geoscript.layer.*
import geoscript.feature.*
import geoscript.geom.*

// Get the Shapefile
Shapefile shp = new Shapefile('states_centroids.shp')

// Create a new Schema
Schema schema = new Schema('states_minimum_bounding_circle', [['the_geom','Polygon','EPSG:4326']])

// Create the new Layer
Layer layer = shp.workspace.create(schema)

// Collect Geometries from the Shapefile
List geoms = shp.features.collect{f->f.geom}

// Create a GeometryCollection from the List of Geometries
GeometryCollection geomCol = new GeometryCollection(geoms)

// Get the Minimum Bounding Circle from the GeometryCollection
Geometry circleGeom = geomCol.minimumBoundingCircle

// Add the Minimum Bounding Circle Geometry as a Feature
layer.add(schema.feature([circleGeom]))

Buffering Features with GeoScript Python

In a previous post, Jared buffered points and added them to a polygon shapefile. Here's the workflow in Python GeoScript.

from geoscript import proj
from geoscript import geom
from geoscript.layer import Shapefile
from geoscript.feature import schema

def changeGeometryType(strName,geomType,shpParent):

   #Get all shapefile schema attributes except 'the_geom'
   parentS = [(str(i.name),i.typ) for i in shpParent.schema.fields if not issubclass(i.typ,geom.Geometry)]

   #Get shapefile Projection
   pPrj = shpParent.schema.get('the_geom').proj

   #Reinsert geomType into schema
   parentS.insert(0,('the_geom',geomType,pPrj))
             
   #Create centroid buffer schema
   centroidSchema = schema.Schema(strName,parentS)

   return centroidSchema


if __name__=='__main__':

   #Get centroid shapefile
   shp = Shapefile('/home/gregcorradini/GeoTools/geoscript_wrk/centroid_buffer/data/centroids.shp')

   #Create a geom.Polygon schema from centroid schema
   centroidSchema = changeGeometryType('centroid_buffer',geom.Polygon,shp)

   #Get shapefile workspace
   ws = shp.workspace

   #Create a buffered centroid layer based on centroid schema
   buffCentLayer = ws.create(schema=centroidSchema)

   #For each centroid feature, create a buffered centroid, add it to buffered layer
   for f in shp.features():
      
       #Copy all feature attributes into a dictionary
       dictFeat = dict(f.iteritems())
      
       #Buffer 'the_geom'  3 degrees
       dictFeat['the_geom'] = f.geom.buffer(3)

       print dictFeat
      
       #Create a buffered centroid feature with new dictionary attributes
       buffFeature = buffCentLayer.schema.feature(dictFeat,f.id)

       #Add new feature to buffered layer
       buffCentLayer.add(buffFeature)

Calculating Centroids with GeoScript Python

Jared and Tim have shown us how to create centroids from a polygon shapefile in two different GeoScript implementations. Now let's see what the code looks like in Python GeoScript.

from geoscript import proj
from geoscript import geom
from geoscript.layer import Shapefile
from geoscript.feature import schema

def changeGeometryType(strName,geomType,shpParent):

 #Put shapefile schema attributes except 'the geom' in a list of tuples
 parentS = [(str(i.name),i.typ) for i in shpParent.schema.fields if not issubclass(i.typ,geom.Geometry)]

 #Get shapefile Projection
 pPrj = shpParent.schema.field('the_geom').proj

 #reinsert geomType and proj into schema
 parentS.insert(0,('the_geom',geomType,pPrj))
  
 #create centroid schema with the list
 centroidSchema = schema.Schema(strName,parentS)

 return centroidSchema


if __name__=='__main__':

 #Get states shapefile
 shp = Shapefile('/home/gregcorradini/GeoTools/geoscript_wrk/centroid_buffer/data/US_shapefiles.shp')

 #Substitute geom.Point into schema
 centroidSchema = changeGeometryType('centroids',geom.Point,shp)

 #Get workspace
 ws = shp.workspace

 #Create a centroid layer based on centroidSchema
 centroidLayer = ws.create(schema=centroidSchema)

 #Get all state features
 stateFeatures = [f for f in shp.features()]

 #For each state polygon get its centroid and add it to our centroid layer
 for f in stateFeatures:
 
    #create dictionary to hold each feature's attributes
    newAtts = {}
    
    for key in f.attributes.keys():
  if issubclass(f.attributes[key].__class__,geom.Geometry):
   newAtts[str(key)] = f.geom.centroid
  else:
   newAtts[str(key)] = f.attributes[key]

    print newAtts

    #Create a feature based on dictionary
    centFeature = centroidLayer.schema.feature(newAtts,f.id)

    #Add it to centroid layer
    centroidLayer.add(centFeature)

Calculating Centroids with JavaScript

In a previous post, Jared described how to use the Groovy GeoScript to create a new Shapefile based on centroids of features in an existing Shapefile. Today, I'll do the same using the JavaScript implementation.

One significant difference from the other implementations is that there is only one layer type in the JavaScript flavor of GeoScript. To create a layer representing a Shapefile, I'll create a directory workspace and get the layer from that.

In this example, I'll also use the clone methods to create a new layer schema and new features. These clone methods allow for new objects to be created with modified properties. This is useful in creating the schema for the centroids layer, because we want the same fields as the states layer with the exception of the geometry field. In this case, we're creating a layer with point geometries instead of multi-polygon geometries.

Without further ado, here is the code:

// import Directory and Layer constructors
var Directory = require("geoscript/workspace").Directory;
var Layer = require("geoscript/layer").Layer;

// create a directory workspace from an existing directory on disk
var dir = new Directory("data/shapefiles");

// create a layer based on an existing shapefile in the directory
var states = dir.get("states");

// create a new schema with a Point geometry type instead of MultiPolygon
var schema = states.schema.clone({
    // give the schema a new name
    name: "centroids", 
    fields: [
        // overwrite existing field named "the_geom"
        {name: "the_geom", type: "Point", projection: "EPSG:4326"}
    ]
});

// create a new temporary layer with the new schema
var centroids = new Layer({
    schema: schema
});

// add the layer to existing workspace (this creates a new shapefile on disk)
dir.add(centroids);

// iterate through the state features to create features with state centroids
states.features.forEach(function(state) {
    var centroid = state.clone({
        schema: schema,
        values: {
            // overwrite the geometry value with the state centroid
            the_geom: state.geometry.centroid
        }
    });
    // add the new feature to the layer (this writes to the shapefile)
    centroids.add(centroid);
});

The GeoScript viewer module exports a draw method. You can use this to render a layer, or arrays of geometies or features.

// use the viewer module to draw collections of features or geometries
var draw = require("geoscript/viewer").draw;
var geometries = [];

// add all state geometries to the array
states.features.forEach(function(state) {
    geometries.push(state.geometry);
});

// add buffered centroids so they will be visible
centroids.features.forEach(function(centroid) {
    geometries.push(centroid.geometry.buffer(0.5));
});

// draw all geometries
draw(geometries);

You'll find this example in the examples directory of the repository. See the JavaScript API documentation for more detail on using GeoScript.

Buffering Features with Groovy

In my last post, I calculated centroids from one shapefile and saved them to another using a GeoScript Groovy script. This time I buffer these centroids and save them to a polygon shapefile. Since GeoScript is based on the Java Topology Suite library you can take advantage of any of its geometry operations - intersection, union and difference.

// Import Geoscript modules
import geoscript.layer.*
import geoscript.feature.*
import geoscript.geom.*

// Get the Shapefile we want to buffer
Shapefile shp = new Shapefile('states_centroids.shp')

// Create a new Schema  but with Polygon Geometry
Schema schema = shp.schema.changeGeometryType('Polygon','states_buffers')

// Create the new Layer
Layer bufferLayer = shp.workspace.create(schema)

// Specify the buffer distance 
double distance = 2 // decimal degrees

// Iterate through each Feature using a closure
shp.features.each{f ->

  // Create a Map for the new attributes
  Map attributes = [:]

  // Set attribute values
  f.attributes.each{k,v ->
      if (v instanceof Geometry) {
          attributes[k] = v.buffer(distance)
      }
      else {
          attributes[k] = v
      }
  }

  // Create a new Feature with the new attributes
  Feature feature = schema.feature(attributes, f.id)

  // Add it to the buffer Layer
  bufferLayer.add(feature)
}

The Layer.getCursor() method, used in the last post, reads one Feature at a time. In this post I use Layer.getFeatures(). This method reads all of the Features in to a list. Here is what you get:

Calculating Centroids with GeoScript Groovy

GeoScript uses the GeoTools and Java Topology Suite libraries to provide easy-to-use scripting APIs with implementations in Python, JavaScript, Scala and Groovy. The GeoScript web site provides simple code snippets in all four languages to help you get started. In this post, I address a real world example: calculating centroids from one GIS layer and saving them to another layer using Groovy. This example highlights the GeoScript Layer, Feature, and Geometry modules.

// import GeoScript modules
import geoscript.layer.*
import geoscript.feature.*
import geoscript.geom.*

// This is the Shapefile we want to extract centroids from
Shapefile shp = new Shapefile('states.shp')

// Create a new Schema (based on the above Shapefile, but with Point Geometry)
Schema schema = shp.schema.changeGeometryType('Point','states_centroids')

// Create the new centroid Layer
Layer centroidLayer = shp.workspace.create(schema)

// Use the Cursor to loop through each Feature in the Shapefile
Cursor cursor = shp.cursor
while(cursor.hasNext()) {

   // Get the next Feature
   Feature f = cursor.next()
 
   // Create a Map for the new attributes
   Map attributes = [:]

   // For each attribute in the shapefile
   f.attributes.each{k,v ->

      // If its Geometry, find the centroid
      if (v instanceof Geometry) {
          attributes[k] = v.centroid
      }
      // Else, they stay the same
      else {
         attributes[k] = v
      }
   }

   // Create a new Feature with the new attributes
   Feature feature = schema.feature(attributes, f.id)

   // Add it to the centroid Layer
   centroidLayer.add(feature)
}

// Always remember to close the cursor
cursor.close()

Here is what you get when you run the script against a shapefile of the 48 contiguous states (sorry Alaska and Hawaii):

Welcome

The GeoScript team is happy to launch the official blog for the project. This will be the place to watch for all news and announcements related to releases, new features, and general project happenings. Welcome!